Research
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A certificate of analysis usually shows an HPLC purity percentage and a mass-spectrometry result. They measure different things, and neither one alone tells you the vial holds the molecule on the label.
Purity and identity are chemistry. Endotoxin and sterility are biology, and they are measured by completely different tests that most peptide certificates of analysis never ran.
Peptides break down through a small set of well-characterised chemical reactions. Here is what deamidation, oxidation, hydrolysis and aggregation actually are, why temperature and moisture drive them, and what a real stability study measures.
Synthetic peptides are sold by gross weight, but part of that weight is salt and water, not peptide. Here is what net peptide content means, why HPLC purity does not measure it, and how the gap is actually quantified.
One target, two targets, three targets: semaglutide, tirzepatide and retatrutide represent three generations of the same drug idea. Here is what their landmark trials actually reported, what can and cannot be compared across them, and where each stands with regulators.
NAD+ is sold as drips, shots and supplements for energy and aging. Precursor pills really do raise NAD+ in blood - but the benefit trials are mostly small and mixed, and direct NAD+ infusions have almost no published human data. Here is the honest picture.
'Peptide therapy' is a marketing umbrella, not one treatment. Some peptides under it are FDA-approved and highly effective; others are unproven research chemicals. Here is how to tell the benefits apart.
Ipamorelin is sold for muscle, fat loss and anti-aging by raising growth hormone. It does raise GH cleanly in studies - but raising GH is not the same as building muscle or reversing aging. Here is the honest split.
BPC-157 is sold for gut, tendon and joint healing, and users report fast recovery. The animal data is genuinely interesting - but there are still no completed human efficacy trials. Here is the honest split.
New to peptides? Skip the hyped research chemicals and start where the human evidence is strongest - GLP-1s for weight, collagen for skin and joints, PT-141 for low desire. Here is the honest beginner's map.
